Questioning The Effectiveness Of The Revolution - 2439 Words

Questioning the Effectiveness of the Revolution A 25-year struggle came to an end with a crown placed upon a head of yet another king. Was the French Revolution, revolutionary or was it an attempt at democracy that failed rather quickly with a noble Robespierre becoming a decapitating dictator, who himself later became decapitated? The French revolution was a political movement that swept up a nation, and it swept up the nation in such a way that would leave a trail of political fever for centuries to come. So much so that the hushed whispers of revolution would have monarchies fleeing the continent. David Bell s The First Total War argues that The French revolution was the first war that propelled society into modernity. But what is modernity? Modernity is defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as of, relating to, or characteristic of a period extending from a relevant remote past to the present time.† To argue forcefully that the French Revolution is the beginning of modernity is both easy and incredibly difficult. Th e line of what is modern is hazy. A relevant remote past, implies that some person down the line made a declarative statement of when and what the relative past was. Is the time period of this revolution ‘relative because it had technology that allowed for documents to be stored, or is it because this revolution was comprised of angry white men, who felt pressed in some manner? The socially accepted beginning of the French Revolution was withShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of The Therapy982 Words   |  4 PagesUnlike the transference approach, PCT focuses on the here and now and does not attempt to work with previous trauma/experiences which may affect behaviour (McLeod, 2015). 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Rabindranath Tagore Contribution Towards Education Free Essays

What are the contributions of Mahatma Gandhi in Education? SWASTIK Historical Development of Basic Edcuation Mahatma Gandhi explained the concept of Basic Education through a series of articles in his Harijan magazine in 1937. In the conference at Wardha after a detailed discussion about Gandhiji’s articles the scheme of Basic Education took shape under the leadership of Dr. Zakir Hussain. We will write a custom essay sample on Rabindranath Tagore Contribution Towards Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following four resolutions were passed. (i) Free and compulsory education should be given to all children for a period of seven years. (ii) The medium of instruction should be the mother tongue, iii) The process of education should be centred round some form of manual production work in the shape of a craft. (iv) This education should be self-supporting to some extent. The Central Advisory Board of Education set up a Committee under the Chairmanship of Sri B. G. Kher to suggest measures for implementing these resolutions. Then another Committee was appointed under the same Chairman to recommend action coordinating the Basic Education with higher education. The recommendations of both these Committees were approved by the CABE and included in the Report on Post-war Educational Development in India. Also read: Woman Unknown by Rabindranath Tagore In 1944, although Govts, both at the national and state levels accepted Basic Education as the national pattern, progress in its implementation was not satisfactory. Merits of Basic Education (1) Work as a central place: Since work occupies a central place in life, it had an important place in Basic Education. Dignity of labour was emphasized by him and work was made an integral part of this education. (2) A new method of teaching: Through Basic Education Gandhiji introduced a new method of teaching. This method is to teach all subjects through crafts and taken as activity-centred meant to free children from tyranny of words and cramming. 3) Self-supporting education: As a corollary to craft-centred education, it was visualized by Gandhiji that schools need be self- supporting. The carfts organized scientifically would result in more production and the sale-proceeds must fetch a good income. (4) Socially sound system of education: Basic education was sound sociologically. The then cl ass-labour and chasm between mental and physical labour and the spirit of dependence on others were required to be removed from the society. In short, Basic education was intended to eradicate many ills of the society. 5) Training for Citizenship: Basic education was providing for training students in democratic living and practices. It was aiming at forming positive attitudes, creating interests and appreciation, developing understanding and imparting skills in citizenship. On the whole, it was a training citizenship. Drawbacks in Basic Education (1) Selection of Crafts: Since craft was occupying an important place in Basic school curriculum, selection of a suitable craft was determining the success and efficiency of Basic Education. But most of the schools followed the trodden path or tereotyped process without bothering for the local conditions and needs. For example, in the areas where cotton was not grown and had to be brought from a long distance, weaving was introduced as a c raft even in those areas. (2) The Principles of Correlation: In Basic schools every subject was being taught through a craft. The principle of correlation was tried to be adopted in all subjects, but in real situation it was done as a ritual without any sincerity or seriousness. In fact, correlation was a slogan and fiction. (3) The Idealism of self-sufficiency: It was complained that the schools cannot be made self-sufficient with the production by children. The concept of self-sufficiency was thought to be idealism and was not emphasized by most of the teachers and inspecting officers. Products by unskilled hands were not selling well and fetching adequate income. Rather Basic Schools were more expensive than traditional schools. (4) The Principles of Equality: Although Basic Education was visualized to be socially sound for removing the existing disparities, it was rather aggravating the situation. It was tending to be meant for the children of poor labourers and farmers only and children of high class families were not going to these schools. The gulf between poor and rich classes rather widened due to Basic Education. (5) Proper Orientation and Understanding: Basic schools called for highly qualified and well-equipped teachers for properly teaching subjects through correlation and organizing crafts with efficiency. But in fact many teachers employed in such schools were lacking proper understanding of the Basic Education principles and desired orientation with the idealism or values impregnated in the system. Present Condition Although Basic Education faced a sorry state of affairs many of its principles are still appreciated for their practical value and psychology as well as sociological importance. The Kothari Commission, 1964-66 endorsed a large number of its essential features like work experience, community living, community service, citizenship training, world brotherhood, social and spiritual values and integrating knowledge with experience and so no. After a lapse of more than three decades a National Education conference was convened by Shriman Narayan at Sevagram in 1972 where Basic Education was praised by many. A resolution was passed with consensus of all Education Ministers and Vice Chancellors who attended the conference, â€Å"education at all levels should be imparted through socially useful and productive activity, linked with economic growth and development in both rural and urban areas†. The Iswarbhai Patel Committee supported most of the principles of Basic Education with great stress on work education or socially useful productive work. The UNESCO Commission Report â€Å"Learning to Be† also used the term Basic Education for Primary Education and laid emphasis on many forms of social and economic activities to be organized in the schools. The Basic Education system has been hailed as â€Å"the ideal solution for the reform of teaching methods in Indian Schools† by Dr. Gunnar Myrdal, the celebrated author of â€Å"Asian Drama† and as â€Å"one of the most interesting and promising developments in Indian Education† by Prof. Castle the renowned writer of â€Å"Education for self-help†. It goes without saying that India would have been a happier place at present, if the useful features of Basic Education had been given effect to with sincerity of all concerned. How to cite Rabindranath Tagore Contribution Towards Education, Essay examples

Business IT Ethics Large Statistical Program

Question: Describe about the Business IT Ethics for Large Statistical Program. Answer: Case 1: Jean and the Large Statistical Program Based on the information on the case study, it is quite apparent that Jean is divided between taking time to complete her work on her own and publish the algorithms in the professional journals as required or use other peoples work without acknowledgement and submit it because of the strict deadline that has been set. The fact is that it is quite unethical for Jean to use other peoples work without acknowledgement even though she was stuck because that amounts to plagiarism which is a significant crime in the contemporary world. In essence, it was quite unprofessional and unethical for Jean to submit other peoples work with a view of cheating that it was her own. This will not only affect her, but also affect her organization because she risks losing her job when it is discovered that she submitted another persons work. The reputation of the organization will also become affected because of their employee using other peoples work without acknowledgement. Jean ought to have honestly e xpressed the situation she was in and sought for a time extension to work on the task. This is the best option because it will not only help her avoid the risk of losing her job, but it will also ensure that the reputation of the organization that she works for is safe and protected. Case 1: Andrew and the Health Project Based on the case study, it is quite apparent that Andrew took over the work that had been poorly done because of lack of experience by the former developer. It is quite unfortunate that the instability of the system will cause detrimental loss to the companys client and because of the pressure subjected to him by the Supervisor, Andrew decides to hand over the system knowing well that it has corruptions and may eventually lead to data loss. It was quite unethical for Andrew and the supervisors to agree to hand in the system to the client knowing well that the technologies used were incompatible with the infrastructure used by the department and that it may result in not only corruptions but also loss of organizational financial data on a daily basis. This decision will have a significant negative impact not only on the reputation of the company but also on its client who may suffer significant loss due to loss of financial data. Andrew should explain to the top management on the iss ue at hand and express the fear that the client may suffer irreparable damage should they submit the system with the technology as it is. Case 3: Jane and the Integrated Inventory Control System Based on the information on the case study, it is a legal requirement that all the software must be tested before being released to the final consumer. But however, the situation at hand depicts that some of the functions of the inventory system are not addressed sufficiently and thus may cause quality issues to arise in future. Signing off the software the way it is will have an impact on the software company, its clients, the clients of the company who will use the software and even the employees. Owing to the fact that inventory functions are vital to the effective functioning of the system, Jane should resist the pressure to sign off the software due to the risks involved. Signing off the software the way it is will be quite unethical for Jane and the company as well. Part 3: Essay (i) According to Sisela Bok (2003) whistle blowing concerns an individual who makes revelations meant to call to attention to negligence, abuses or dangers that threatens public interest. Essay topic: Whistle blowing is an unethical activity and employees undertaking such behaviour should lose their jobs. Whistle blowing is defined as being a person who makes revelations which are aimed at calling attention towards abuses, negligence, or dangers which can threaten the interest of the public. Whistle blowing can also be defined as giving information on unethical and illegal practices at the workplace. Whistle blowing has become a common phenomenon as employees speak out regarding their own ethical concerns at their workplace. Hot debate that has always emerged as to whether whistle blowing is an ethical or unethical issue in an organization. On one side, whistle blowing is deemed as being disastrous for the person concerned as well as the organization because it highly threatens the effective organization for a firm which is being complained about. On the other hand, Sissela Bok, a philosopher, affirmed that even though whistle blowing is usually justified, it actually comprises of accusations, dissent, and even a breach of loyalty and respect to employers. On the contrary, other criti cs have argued that attempts aimed at stopping unethical or illegal activities in a company may be termed as being the greatest form of company loyalty that workers can ever depict. According to some people, it has been argued that there is no way that whistle blowing can be justified since workers in an organization possess absolute obligations of loyalty and confidentiality to an organization that they really work for. Such individuals actually see no great difference between workers who openly reveal confidential trade secrets through selling them to third parties or competitors. This is attributed to the fact that whistle blowers similarly disclose harmful organizational activities to other people. Based on this fact, it can truly be asserted that whistle blowing is an illegal activity and thus this calls that employees who are involved in such deeds ought to be punished by losing their jobs. It is important to note regardless of a persons obligations, one should never be exempted from general obligations that they have to their fellow colleagues or human beings. One great fundamental of such obligations is never to harm or hurt other human beings. While some individuals argue that whistle blowing can be justified because of it being an exercise of the right to speech, it is important for all and sundry to note that such a right is not the perfect choice. In essence, it is important to note that even though individuals may have the right of speaking their minds regarding certain issues because they have no laid down contractual agreements that prevent them from doing so, it is morally wrong for them to do so because it may result in harm to other innocent individuals. Through the use of currently available online tools and search facilities, ordinary users can easily acquire personal information about others. In fact, anyone who has Internet access can, via a search engine such as Google, find information about us that we ourselves might have had no idea is publicly available there. Does this use of online tools threaten the privacy of ordinary people? It can truly be ascertained that the use of online tools highly threaten the privacy of ordinary individuals because the rise of the internet platform that is largely unsecured coupled with instantaneous mass communication and big data makes privacy of information held by corporations and governments to become at stake. For instance, some of the Western Activists have not only exposed but also denounced the use of online communications to invade the privacy of private citizens. Alternatively, activists from the developing world have similarly seized similar technologies and techniques and turned them on governments that have been deemed to be authoritarian as a tool of liberation. Unlike before when online communications and the use of technology was used in the achievement of a democratizing potential such as opening up governments, making it easier for social movements to become organized, freeing people from a media which is deemed to be monolithic, and providing chance for voices which had initially been marginalized to become heard, this is not the case in the contemporary world. This is because the broad use of online tools has greatly threatened the privacy of ordinary individuals in various ways. For instance, the use of online tools has endangered the privacy of ordinary individuals in that some of the spy agencies use peoples data to carry out mass surveillance on the majority if not all of the ordinary people. In addition to that, it is now a common fact that some of the organizations across the world now purchase vast tranches of ordinary peoples data and ultimately uses the same information in ways that are known to comprise privacy. The internet is now being used against ordinary individuals because some of the authoritarian regimes or governments use such information to not only censor and monitor ordinary individuals, but they also use the same information in order to persecute dissent. The fact that the use of the internet and more specifically the use of numerous internet tools are absolutely being used against individuals thus causing them more harm than good. Previously, governments across the world were indeed inept in comprehending the use of the internet to specifically further their own interests. As of now, most governments across the world have become well versed in the utilization of the internet in order to further their interests and meet their ends. This confirms the fact that the use of online tools highly threatens the privacy of ordinary individuals. iii. Professions Australia has recognised the members of the Australian Computer Society (ACS) as professionals. What special responsibilities does that imply for ACS members? In your answer you need to distinguish between someone who is a practitioner but not a professional. Members of the Australian Computer Society are termed as being professionals because the important value that is held by such members states that they must have the Primacy of the Public Interest that stipulates that they ought to put the public interests above those of their sectional, business, or personal interests. Unlike practitioners where cultural and legal obligations that the centre stage as opposed to any other professional obligations, this does not apply to professional members belonging to the Australian Computer Society (ACS). This is due to the fact that unlike practitioners who are not professionals, professionals who are also ACS members are mandated to comply with special responsibilities. For instance, they are supposed (ACS members) they can, at their own expense and voluntarily take numerous ACS education subjects such as on professional and ethical conduct and also undertake yearly professional development that is aimed at maintaining a Certified Professional St atus. Unlike practitioners in the computer field, members of the ACS will with time become subjected to an online ethics test that will be founded on the Code of Ethics towards real or actual case studies. This will be aimed at ensuring that such tests are added to the yearly certification requirements for the achievement of professional status. Unlike practitioners who are not subscribed to any ethical code of practice, members of the ACS are supposed to subscribe to the ACS Code of ethics and as a result, they can get disciplined whenever they break any rules in the ethical codes. In addition to that, when the crime is too extreme such members could be kicked out of this professional body or society thus making them become unable to practice. It can truly be asserted that unlike practitioners who are not mandated to subscribe to a given ethical standard, this is not the case for the professionals. This is because professionals are indeed required to adhere to the laid down ethical standards. Such a code of ethics governs the numerous activities of the ACS. As such, the code require practice and behaviour beyond the personal moral responsibilities or obligations of the people concerned. They not only demand, but also define high standards in behaviour especially with regard to services that are provided to the general public and whenever dealing with the general public.

Museums and virtual technology

Introduction Since the advent of civilization, human beings have been interested in collecting, keeping and displaying things hence giving rise to the concept of museums. (Drurie,1997, p. 30). Museums have been termed as having historically been repositories where real physical objects that existed many years ago are kept.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Museums and virtual technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They have taken it upon themselves to collect, preserve and explain these things for the current and future generations to have knowledge of their culture. Museums have perfected this role to the extent that they have been deemed mausoleums. They preserve even the dustiest glasses where they store ancient artifacts (Mareovic,1998,p. 71). Changes Occasioned by Technology However, life today has changed due to technology where everything has been digitized leading to changes in all spheres of life . Technology has taken the centre stage and anybody who does not comply with the current trends of technology is seen as lacking enlightenment. Business organizations and government sectors have embraced technology to solve all problems (Lancaster Reynolds, 1999). Technology is applied everywhere whenever problems arise and forms the illusion that there is no problem that will fail to get a solution. The arrival of virtual technology has led to the perception that in due course, museums will be moribund or worse still be converted into archives. The reason behind this is that people are nowadays looking for information as opposed to materials and other artifacts (Bowen et al, 1998). This proposition is not common among all the people because some people have a feeling that original objects will be in constant demand when internet users discover that they are important as part of the culture of a people. Technology can still help us discover new relations among different things such as information, experience of people and their general reaction to different issues (Teather, 1998). The relationship between the view of a museum as an archive for objects and the same museum as a place where information is available should strike a balance. Such a balance will be important in moderating the debate of the position of museums with the advent of virtual technology. Conclusion Museums have a mandate of displaying collections in an appealing and educational manner if they are to remain relevant. The digital technology can be very useful in enhancing this mission on condition that there is no indiscriminate use and users are aware of their goals.Advertising Looking for term paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They should know what they want to achieve and how they will achieve it (Lancaster Reynolds, 2002; Rentschler, 1999). The internet provides real cultural chances for museums alongside posing other challenges that must be put into consideration before making any decision (Sylvester, 2001). References Bowen, J., Bennett, J., Coh, H. Johnson, J. (1998) ‘Virtual visits to virtual museums’, Proceedings of Museums and the Web Conference, Toronto, Canada [online] Available www.InfoTrac One File. A17976679.. Lancaster, G. Reynolds, P. 1999, Introduction to marketing: a step-by-step guide to all the tools of marketing, London, Elsevier Press. Lancaster, G. Reynolds, P. (2002) Marketing made simple. Oxford, Elsevier Press. Mareovic, I. (1998) Virtual museums: The challenge of Globalization in Musicology and Globalization. University of Canberra Press, Canberra. Rentschler, R. (1999) Innovative arts marketing. St Leonards NSW: Allen Unwin. Sylvester, R. (2001) Creating web-accessible databases: case studies for libraries, museums and other nonprofits Information Today, Medford, N.J.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Museums and vi rtual technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Teather, L. (1998) A museum is a museum †¦ or is it? Exploring Musicology and the web, Archives and Museum Informatics [online] available from http://www.archimuse.com/index.html . This term paper on Museums and virtual technology was written and submitted by user L1ndsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The effects of Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women The WritePass Journal

The effects of Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women 1. INTRODUCTION The effects of Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women ).   This shall be considered by undertaking an empirical study into whether or not 10 micrograms of Vitamin D should be taken by women during pregnancy. 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY This study shall be completed by undertaking an empirical study.   This will seek to ascertain if pregnant patients that take the recommended dosage of 10 micrograms attain the benefits, which are stated by the National Health Service (NHS, 2013).   This could help to identify if the recent research, which has been published by the University of Bristol and the University of East Anglia, is correct.   The ‘Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) which is also known as Children of the 90s is a long-term health research project.   More than 14,000 mothers enrolled during pregnancy in 1991 and 1992, and the health and development of their children has been followed in great detail ever since ‘ (ALSPAC, 2013). 3. PROBLEM STATEMENT During pregnancy, many women have been told by medical practitioners that they should take the recommended dosage of 10 micrograms of Vitamin D to ensure that their unborn chid develops strong bones and does not develop rickets (NHS, 2013).   However, results from the ALSPAC longitudinal study shows that the benefits from taking Vitamin D at the recommended dosage of 10 micrograms during pregnancy may not be so beneficial (Lawlor, Wills and Fraser, 2013).   This research seeks to ascertain if these claims are correct and whether or not the recommended dosage of Vitamin D needs to be changed for pregnant women. 4. RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES In conjunction with the problem statement above, the following aims have been formulated: To use available and relevant data, to investigate whether the recommended dosage of 10 micrograms for pregnant women is correct To use the findings from the above aim to make recommendations for how the dosage needs to be altered for pregnant women. Additionally, the following objectives have been developed: To evaluate how a dosage of 10 micrograms of Vitamin D benefits pregnant women. To evaluate how changing the dosage of Vitamin D benefits pregnant women. To make recommendations for the appropriate dosage of Vitamin D which should be taken by pregnant women? 5. PROPOSAL STRUCTURE The proposed outline of the dissertation is described in the next section. 6.LITERATURE REVIEW To date, in the United Kingdom the National Health Service has recommended that the effects of a 10 microgram dose of vitamin D is essential to ensure that unborn children develop healthy bones. This is also supported by evidence in the existing academic literature (see as an example: Dror, 2013; Kovacs, 2008; Stephenson, 2006).   Therefore, medical practitioners have advised all pregnant women that this is how what they should take during pregnancy (Bui Christin-Maitre, 2011; NHS, 2013).   However, recent research, which was published in March 2013, has contradicted this information (ALSPAC, 2013: Lawlor, Wills and Fraser, 2013).  Ã‚   These findings need to be explored further as many other research studies have not reached these conclusions.   Therefore, to seek to ensure that the correct advice is given to women who are pregnant, it is important that this study is undertaken. 6.1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS In line with the findings from the literature review above, provisionally, the following research questions have been developed. How does a dosage of 10 micrograms of Vitamin D benefits pregnant women How does changing the dosage of Vitamin D benefit pregnant women? What is the appropriate dosage of Vitamin D, which should be taken by pregnant women? 6.2. METHODOLOGY This study shall be based on a number of patient records, which shall be chosen at random.   In examining the records, it is hoped that a comparison between these pregnant women that took a 10-microgram dosage, those that took other amounts and those that took nothing may be compared.   Form here it will be possible to seek to understand how much Vitamin D pregnant women should be taking during their pregnancy so that new recommendations may be made if necessary. 6.3. RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY The research philosophy, which has been adopted for this study is positivism.   This will allow the empirical investigation to be undertaken and it will be derived from a critical and objective based method (Sundars, 2003). 6.4. RESEARCH APPROACH The research approach, which has chosen for this study is quantitative in nature, as it will be based on a review of existing patient records and undertaking statistical analyses. This will allow the researcher to explore the problem, which was outlined above and to see if any new recommendations should be made to pregnant women. 6.5. RESEARCH STRATEGY The research strategy, which has been chosen for this study is a review of existing patient records.   Therefore, a documentation review shall be undertaken. 6.6. DATA COLLECTION The review of patient records shall be undertaken by contacting medical practitioners and patients to seek to attain permission to their records, once this has been achieved, a number of records shall be chosen at random these shall be used to collect information to investigate the research problem. 6.7. DATA ANALYSIS All analyses shall be based on the patient records, which are used during the data collection phase of this study.   Statistical tools such as, SPSS shall be utilised to undertake analyses of the results from these patient records. 6.8. ACCESS Access to this these records shall be established by contacting medical practitioners and patients, to identify patients who have been pregnant who are willing to take part in tis research. 6.9. RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND GENERALISABILITY The findings from this study should be reliable and repeatable, as patient records shall be chosen at random and empirically analysed.   This will ensure that the parameters of the study are net and that the results can be generalised to wider populaces. 6.10. ETHICAL ISSUES Issues such as, patient confidentiality and privacy shall be considered during the design and implementation of this research to seek to ensure that all participants’ details remain confidential and that they are all fully aware of the nature of the research and why it is being conducted. 6.11. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS As this research is based on secondary sources, the data, which is available, may limit the findings.   However, if this is the case then the parameters of the study shall be re-examined to seek to ensure that these limitations are minimised where possible. 7 CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study shall be undertaken by seeking to identify and critically evaluate a number of patient records.   This will enable the researcher to understand how much vitamin D pregnant women should take to help to ensure that their unborn child has healthy bones. Then a number of recommendations may be made where this is appropriate. 8 TIME CHART Tasks Task Lead Start End Literature Review Researcher 01/08/2013 29/01/2013 Write Up Results Researcher 29/08/2013 30/09/2013 Write Methodology Researcher 21/09/2013 21/10/2013 Contact Subjects Researcher 21/10/2013 21/01/2014 Collate Data Researcher 21/01/2014 21/10/2014 Examine Data Researcher 21/10/2014 21/12/2014 Write up results Researcher 21/12/2014 21/02/2015 Write discussion Researcher 21/02/2015 21/04/2015 Write conclusions Researcher 21/04/2015 21/08/2015 REFERENCES ALSPAC (2013). Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.   Available from bristol.ac.uk/alspac/ (Accessed 01/08/2013) Bui, T., Christin-Maitre, S. (2011, October). Vitamin D and pregnancy]. In Annales dendocrinologie (Vol. 72, p. S23). Dror, D. (2013). Vitamin D in pregnancy. In Handbook of vitamin D in human health (pp. 670-691). Wageningen Academic Publishers. Kovacs, C. S. (2008). Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 88(2), 520S-528S. Lawlor DA, Wills AK, Fraser A, (2013) Association of maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy with bone-mineral content in offspring: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. Published online March 19 2013. NHS (2013) Doubt cast on the benefit of Vitamin D during Pregnancy.   Available from nhs.uk/news/2013/03March/Pages/doubt-cast-on-benefit-of-vitamin-D-in-pregnancy.aspx Accessed (01/08/2013) NICE (2013) Vitamin D and pregnancy. Available from nice.org.uk Accessed 01/08/2013 Saunders, M. (2003) Research Methods for Business Students.   South Africa: Pearson Education. Stephenson, J. (2006). Vitamin D and Pregnancy. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 295(7), 748-748.

An Exploration of the US Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

An Exploration of the US Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Was the United States Justified in Using the Atomic Bomb? On August 6, 1945 the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on the Japanese city, Hiroshima. To this day, this has been a controversial military strategy. Those who believe that the U.S. was justified in using the atomic bomb argue that more lives were saved, and that the Japanese’s vigor and willingness to fight to the death forced the U.S. to extreme measures. On the other hand, those who thought using the atomic bomb was unjustified argue that the atomic bomb violated the principles of war, that it did not end World War II (WWII) sooner and it was not the ideal choice to use for WWII. Looking at proponents of the United States’ usage of the atomic bomb such as Hugh A. Halliday and Richard Frank, military historians, and Michael Kort, a professor of Social Science at Boston University, as well as opponents including policy analyst, John Siebert, Martin J Sherwin, a professor at George Mason University, and Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, a professor emeritus of History at th e University of California we intend to evaluate and summarize both sides of the discussion as to whether the United States was justified to drop the atomic bomb. Proponents of employing the atomic bomb argue that had the atomic bomb not been dropped and the original ground invasion was implemented more lives from either side would have been lost. Japan’s unwillingness to surrender forced the United States to the point that they did not know what it would take to end the war. To discuss these points, we will look at the arguments from Hugh A. Halliday, a military historian who served in the RCAF’s Air Historian, Canadian Forces Directorate of History, and Canadian War Museum, Michael Kort, a professor of Social Science at Boston University, and Richard B. Frank a military historian who served almost four years in the United States Army. Japan had an ingrained conviction that the purpose of life was to die for the Emperor which was seen in not only her militants but also in her civilians with civilian causalities ranging from 42,000 to 150,000 dead from suicide or battle. Ground invasion of Japanese home islands was an option that the U.S. government considered. However, estimates from General Douglas MacArthur, in favor of ground invasion, curbed the numbers to roughly 130,000 casualties; however, this did not include the 300,000 Allied prisoners of war (PoWs) nor the enemy civilian casualties. In addition to the ground invasion and bombardment, the U.S. planned to utilize a blockade that was projected to cause famine, ensuing thousands of civilian deaths. Though roughly 200,000 people were killed thru the atomic bomb, it was still the morally preferred choice compared to the estimated deaths via an invasion. However, Michael Kort argues that it was never about deciding to use the atomic bomb versus implementing a ground invasion, but rather what it would take to have Japan surrender. The United States had been bombing Japan for three years prior to the Potsdam Declaration. She had already suffered an estimated 806,000 casualties in Okinawa and Tokyo. And yet when the U.S. had the Potsdam Declaration that gave Japan a chance to surrender, she not only chose to ignore it but also sought negotiations with the Soviet Union, to the extent of bargaining alliance benefits. Thus, the United States hoped that the sheer destructive power of the atomic bomb could persuade Japan to surrender and thus put an end to WWII. Advocates against utilizing the atomic bomb contend that it was a violation of the principles of war as well as the Geneva Protocol, which banned the usage of chemical weapons in war. Furthermore, in response to the belief that the atomic bomb lead to the shortening of WWII, the reason that Japan surrender was because of the USSR declaring war against her as well as invading Japanese-occupied land. In addition, had the United States adjusted the Potsdam Declaration, Japan would have been more inclined to agree to its terms. In order to analyze these arguments, we will discuss the points of John Siebert, a policy analyst who served in the Department of Foreign Affairs and Human Rights and Aboriginal Justice with the United Church of Canada as well as a consultant to government and non-governmental organizations, Martin J. Sherwin, a Pulitzer winner and professor of History at George Mason University, and Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, a professor emeritus of History at the University of Californi a. Arguably there are principles of war that are commonly agreed upon such as not directly targeting non-military establishments and non-militants. However, the United States knowingly targeted civilian cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And had Henry L. Stimson, former U.S. Secretary of War, not opposed the Target Committee, they would have chosen Kyoto, the center of Japan’s civilization for over a thousand years. Moreover, after the practice of mustard gas as well as other chemical weapons in World War I, the Geneva Protocol was created and signed by members of the League of Nations, banning the use of chemical weapons in war. But though the United States was aware of the radiation poisoning that would occur from the atomic bomb, it was still deployed. By exploiting the atomic bomb, the U.S. indicated that nuclear arms were valid weapons of war. Aside from the moral discretions of implementing the atomic bomb, the argument that the atomic bomb led to the end of WWII sooner is invalid. Because the USSR declared war against Japan and invaded Japanese-controlled land, Japan could not ensure success in fighting both fronts and thus surrendered. Ward Wilson, Senior Fellow and Director of the Re-thinking Nuclear Weapons, remarked that Japanese leaders said it was the atomic bomb that led to their surrender as it was less embarrassing to lose against a miracle weapon. Not only that but Japan’s military officials argued that they could convince the USSR to negotiate for better surrender terms than the unconditional surrender in the Potsdam Declaration. However, with the declaration of war, they no longer had a case to continue the war. Along with this, had the United States adjusted their Potsdam Declaration to indicate that the Emperor would not be held liable for the war under the unconditional surrender then perhaps Japan would have agreed. This is because her term for surrender was to preserve their imperial system and Japan was already known to hold her Emperor to a high-degree. Though Secretary of War Stimson did recommend this adjustment; unfortunately, Secretary of State, James Byrnes, vetoed it. Though the amendment was attempted yet vetoed, the U.S. could have invited the USSR to sign the Potsdam Declaration in doing so would show Japan that she could not rely on the USSR to aid her. Supporters of using the atomic bomb argue that the bomb saved more lives than the planned ground invasion and because of Japan’s disinclination to surrender the war despite heavily unfavorable odds provoked the U.S. to undergo drastic measures. Japanese people’s disposition to perish for their Emperor was unsettling and led to a high civilian casualty even prior to considerations of dropping the atomic bomb. This temperament to die rather than to be a prisoner is one of the teachings in bushido, a samurai heritage and code of ethics. The Japanese were taught from a young age bushido and to worship the Emperor, a descendent from the Sun Goddess. Because of this contempt of being PoWs, many times the Japanese would fight until they were killed or committed suicide. American soldiers would witness the horror of Japanese mothers holding their children and choosing to jump to their deaths rather than to be taken as prisoners. The U.S. estimated that a ground invasion would not only lead to losses on the Allied powers but also to a high casualty rate due to the extreme devotion the Japanese had to their Emperor. The Joint Chiefs of Staff assessed that the United States would experience 1.2 million casualties for the entire ground invasion operation, while personnel in the Navy Department estimated 1.7-4 million casualties (Trueman). These estimates were significantly larger than the roughly 200,000 people killed by the atomic bomb. Not known at the time, it was later found that the Japanese Army had trained a civilian militia of around 28 million men and women to defend the home islands should a ground invasion occur (Giangreco). A year after the dropping of the atomic bomb, Karl T. Compton, a member of Truman’s Interim Committee — â€Å"a committee to advise the president about matters pertaining to the use of nuclear energy and weapons† (Harry S Truman National Historic Site)  interviewed a Japanese Army officer asking him if they could have repelled Operation Downfall to which the officer responded â€Å"†¦ I do not think we could have stopped you.† When asked what the Japanese would have done, the officer responded â€Å"We would have kept on fighting until all Japanese were killed, but we would not have been defeated,† in which defeat meant the disgrace of surrendering (Compton). Not only that but the Japanese imperial system was corrupted by the influence of military officials who strongly desired to continue fighting despite the extremely detrimental predicament the country was in. Despite suffering 806,000 casualties in Okinawa and Tokyo, when the U.S. issued her Potsdam Declaration, Japan chose to try and invoke the aid of the USSR, who had a delicate relationship with the United States. And after the atomic bomb dropping on Hiroshima and given a three-day grace period to respond, significant Japanese military officials thought it unlikely that the U.S. would have another bomb. Even when Nagasaki was bombed, military officials refused to accept surrendering though the Emperor now suggested to accept the U.S. terms. It was not till days of continuous bombing after the atomic bombs usage that the Emperor firmly declared that Japan would indeed surrender the war. Thus, though there may have been implications of the Japanese surrendering, it was unlikely that they would have surrendered given the military’s obstinacy. That said those against the United States exploitation of the atomic bomb dispute that the United States not only violated the Geneva Protocol and principles of war but also legitimized the usage of the atomic bomb in wars to come. Though the United States targeted civilian cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, these cities were chosen because they centered around military production (â€Å"Hiroshima and Nagasaki Death Toll†). And though the Geneva Protocol banned chemical weapons use during war, the atomic bomb is not categorized under chemical weapons but rather as a nuclear weapon. However, in spite of not breaching the Geneva Protocol, the U.S. set the precedence for future countries to use nuclear weapons in future wars. It was also argued that the usage of the atomic bomb was not the reason for Japan’s surrender in its place it was the entry of the USSR into WWII. Japanese military officials used the USSR as a means of stalling Japan from agreeing to the terms of surrender, but when the USSR declared war against Japan, rather than concede and surrender, they came up with a different reason to avoid surrendering. Instead of teaming with the USSR to discuss better terms of surrender, Japanese militant officials argued that the U.S. did not have another atomic bomb and that even if she did she would be under public pressure to not use it. No matter what deleterious situation Japan came under, her military officials refused to surrender, whether it be the entry of the USSR or the dropping of the atomic bombs. However, the catastrophe from the atomic bombs was able to move the Emperor from his onlooker position into actively striving for Japan’s surrender. In addition to this proponents against the usage of the atomic bomb also reasoned that had the U.S. invited the USSR to sign the Potsdam Declaration then Japan military officers could not have tried to incite help from the USSR. However, the relationship of the U.S. and the USSR were already on shaky grounds and President Truman did not want to invite the USSR into the war as her objectives for involvement were unknown. And if the U.S. did add the USSR to the Potsdam Declaration then following Japan’s surrender, the USSR would be allowed to occupy a portion of Japan’s land (Heads of Governments). Robert Frank estimated that roughly 300,000 to 500,000 Japanese people, mostly civilians, would have died or vanished in Soviet captivity. Historians have debated over whether the United States was justified in using the atomic bomb against Japan in World War II. Proponents argue that the ingrained bushido in Japanese citizens led to the risk of substantial civilian casualties as well as the necessity to use catastrophic means to shake their conviction to not capitulate. Opponents assert that the U.S. broke principles of war and allowed a precedence to use nuclear weapons in war. As well as arguing that the atomic bomb was not the reason that WWII ended sooner and thus led to lives being saved, instead it was the entrance of the USSR that forced the Japanese to surrender. After evaluation of both sides of the discussion, the strongest argument for the usage of the atomic bomb is that the bushido in Japanese culture startled the U.S. and led her to believe that extreme measures would be necessary to put an end to the war. While the strongest contention against the usage of the atomic bomb is that it legitimized the usage of nuclear weapons in war. Subsequently, though the United States ethically should not have used the atomic bomb since it established the allowance of nuclear weapons in war, given the situation the U.S. was in it is justifiable that the atomic bomb was implemented. Opponents that argue against the U.S. deploying the atomic bomb are not realizing that hindsight is 20/20. After six years of long, gruesome battle the U.S. would want to put an end to the war as quickly and effectively as possible and it would be unlikely that they would carefully consider what the usage of the atomic bomb would entail in future war policies. The options from those who dissented the usage of the bomb are impractical and unrealistic. Perhaps invitation of the Soviet Union onto the Potsdam Declaration would have led to Japan’s surrender, but without knowing whether the USSR would hold up their promise it would be a risky compromise. And the U.S. was right to think that it would take a significant force to make Japan surrender as the corruption from the military officials would continue to thwart any notions of surrendering. The dropping of the atomic bombs was a necessity to influence the Emperor to take control and finally end WWII.

Reading response 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading response 4 - Assignment Example However, when a learner is giving a speech, then errors in using language forms can lead to confusion. The authors have also pointed that â€Å"the identity of the researcher has an impact on the speech of second language learners† (Bayley and Tarone, 2013, p.43). For instance, a L2 learner uses more native accent in their second language speech when interviewed by their native people than by foreigners. It has also been stated that people living in a community have the same style of variations in their language. This theory is not clear since each individual may have difference in variation degrees. The authors have also used Liu’s longitudinal study of L2 variation on a five year old Chinese immigrant â€Å"Bob† to Australia (Bayley and Tarone, 2013, p.46). It was observed that in his developmental stage of learning English, Bob used more complex sentences when conversing with friends and peers, and simpler sentences when conversing with teachers. It proved tha t Bob’s L2 acquisition is faster in informal environment. In the fourth chapter which is on sociocultural theory (SCT), the author Lantolf has said that â€Å"although SCT is a general theory of human mental development, it has been productively extended to include the investigation of second language development† (Lantolf, 2013, p.57). The basic concept of this theory, according to the author, is how a speaker masters â€Å"narrative performance through private speech† (Lantolf, 2013, p.57). Therefore, it can be observed that the level of second language acquisition does not depend only on internal ability of the learner, but also the external interactions that have a major impact on the learner’s ability to learn. The major question explored in this chapter is the extent to which an individual uses his second language for cognitive thinking. It has been found from various